Milk biochar with palm leaves

• The material derived from expired milk after drying and grinding.
• Ground palm leaves

The companion material is ground palm leaves as described in the methodology.

1. 1.Extracting the protein fraction from the expired milk and preparing it for subsequent processing.
2. 2.Drying the extracted material at 75 °C.
3. 3.Grinding the dried material and passing it through a 2 mm sieve.
4. 4.Mixing the powder with each companion material at a 50:50 ratio as stated in the methodology.
5. 5.Treatment at 400 °C for two hours after reaching temperature, followed by gradual cooling.

• SEM / EDS

  Used in the report to show the surface morphology of samples and analyse elements at selected points.

  Details

• FTIR

  Read to distinguish functional groups in the samples after thermal treatment.

  Details

• XRF

  The elemental values in the source are still under review to confirm sample identity, stage and unit, so they are not presented here as published data.

  Details

This sample's images and spectra have not yet been published in an approved version, so the analyses appear here with description and explanation only.

• The report notes improvement in some chlorophyll indicators and leaf count with the biochar treatments, with response differing between formulations.

  Project research report — plant results and discussion

• There is no uniform superiority across all indicators, and some dry-weight measurements are lower.

  Project research report — plant results and discussion

• The report summary favours the ophiolite formulation overall, then palm leaves, then cow manure. This is a general ordering and does not mean superiority in every indicator.

  Project research report — conclusion and future work

Numeric values per indicator: Not available — raw values are not published in this version, and no bars are drawn from guessed values.